19.10.2005
Recycling platinum group metals for environmental gain
Material flow analysis by Öko-Institut reveals great potential
In modern
industrial societies, platinum group metals are indispensable in a wide range of applications: In industrial
catalytic converters they increase the efficiency of industrial processes, in cars they significantly reduce
exhaust emissions through their catalytic properties, and they play an important role in the production of
special glass and in electroplating, dental, electronics and jewellery applications. These valuable precious
metals are mined mainly in South Africa and Russia, at significant cost to the environment. One alternative to
extraction through mining is recycling. Recycling is much less harmful to the environment and has the additional
benefit of reducing supply dependence for industrialized countries. Against this background, Öko-Institut e.V.
and industrial partner Umicore jointly examined the material flows of the main platinum group metals, i.e.
palladium, platinum and rhodium. The remarkable results of the study are attracting much attention from
international experts.
"Our work clearly indicates that, contrary to popular belief, high recycling rates for platinum group metals
are not achieved automatically based on their high specific value", said Dr. Matthias Buchert, Coordinator
of the Infrastructure & Enterprises Division at Öko-Institut. "Optimized recycling requires a deeper
understanding and comprehensive analysis of the sometimes complex recovery and recycling chains in the different
application areas. Due to their new quality, our detailed research results for Germany are also of interest to
players in other industrialized countries. These findings make an important contribution to building optimized
recycling loops in the future."
The three-year project entitled "Materials flow of platinum group metals" was funded by the German
Ministry of Education and Research. Together with experts from Umicore AG & Co. KG - an international
secondary metals company with plants in Belgium, Germany and other countries - scientists from Öko-Institut e.V.
came up with the following findings: Recycling rates in industrial applications such as chemical plants,
refineries and the glass industry are already high (90 percent or above). In contrast, recycling rates of 50
percent or less were identified in private consumer applications such as the automotive sector or electronics.
Here, large quantities of valuable platinum group metals are still being lost, and the potential for recycling is
still very significant.
In order to obtain these results, specialists from the precious metal and user sectors collated a wide range of
bottom-up information and data for the German market, in unprecedented detail. For the largest area of
application, i.e. catalytic converters for vehicle emissions, the scientists carried out an extensive field study
involving repair workshops, vehicle breakers, vehicle shredder plants, and related facilities.
The reason for the comparatively low recycling rates in private consumer applications is that the relationships
between players in these recycling chains are particularly complex. End-of-life vehicles are often exported to
Africa, for example, where catalytic converters (and therefore precious metals) are usually not recovered. In
contrast to Germany, for example, in Africa poor road conditions, leaded petrol, lack of maintenance or emission
controls lead to wear or destruction of the catalytic converters and therefore total loss of the precious metals.
The large additional recovery potential can only be opened up through better international coordination in the
recycling sector and in environmental regulation. Scenario calculations carried out by Öko-Institut show that the
issue will gain importance in future, because the quantities of precious metals used in Germany and
internationally are set to rise. Consequently, potential losses due to inefficient recovery chains will also
mount.
Öko-Institut and its partners believe that, through comprehensive communication of the diverse and
player-specific results at a national, European and international level, awareness of the problem in politics,
business and the media can be heightened, leading to sustainable optimization of material flows for platinum
group metals in the medium to long term.
The comprehensive final report has been published as a book, both in German and in English. In the English
version, the British precious metal experts at the publishers GFMS have extended the results from the German case
study with conclusions for global markets and interrelationships, for the benefit of international readers.
mb
Hagelüken, C.; Buchert, M.; Stahl, H.: „Stoffströme der Platingruppenmetalle – Systemanalyse und
Maßnahmen für eine nachhaltige Optimierung der Platingruppenmetalle“, Umicore AG & Co. KG, Öko-Institut
e.V.; Funded by: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Ed.: GDMB-Medienverlag, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2005,
ISBN 3-935797-20-6.
“Materials flow of platinum group metals”; GFMS Ltd (Ed.), Umicore AG & Co. KG, Öko-Institut
e.V., London, United Kingdom, 2005; ISBN 0-9543293-7-6
Contact:
Öko-Institut e.V., Darmstadt Office
Dr. Matthias Buchert
Coordinator of Infrastructure & Enterprises Division
Umicore AG & Co. KG
Dr. Christian Hagelüken
christian.hagelueken(at)eu.umicore.com
GFMS Ltd:
Laurette Perrard
laurette.perrard(at)gfms.co.uk
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EcoTopTen: New market survey on compact fluorescent lamps
Light on the planet, light on the purse
The EcoTopTen
consumer information campaign is entering this autumn with a new market survey on energy-efficient compact
fluorescent lamps (CFLs). Thirteen CFLs ranging between five and 16 watts – which produce the same amount
of light as 40 to 75 watt conventional incandescent light bulbs – meet the challenging EcoTopTen criteria.
Öko-Institut’s market survey leaves no doubt: Replacing conventional incandescent lamps with EcoTopTen CFLs
delivers substantial gain. Thanks to their long life and low electricity consumption, they are not only light on
the environment, but also very economical. Dr. Dietlinde Quack at Öko-Institut’s Freiburg office has a
clear message: “CFLs have reached the stage at which no arguments against them remain.” This is
because CFLs now excel in every respect, not only in terms of service life. Their aesthetic appeal and light
quality have improved hugely.
CFLs are now available for practically every type of application: In many shapes and sizes, bases, and colours.
Some people found their light colour too cool in the past. But now “extra-warm white” models are
available, producing a tone of light very similar to that of incandescent bulbs. However, not all CFLs keep their
promises. There are cut-price models on the market whose technical characteristics are often inferior.
“Beware of apparent bargains” warns Dietlinde Quack.
The CFLs achieving an EcoTopTen listing belong to energy efficiency class A and have gained at least a
“good” rating in technical tests carried out by the German consumer watchdog Stiftung Warentest or a
comparable testing institution. This means they operated properly for at least 5000 hours in endurance tests
performed by the testing institution, in many cases even up to 14,000 hours and longer. In tests conducted by
Stiftung Warentest, the lamps were switched on and off up to 200,000 times.
What is more, EcoTopTen CFLs need 80% less electricity than conventional incandescent lamps. This places less
pressure on the environment, and leaves more money in people’s pockets. The initial cost of buying a CFL is
higher, at about 15 Euros compared to 50 Cents for a conventional incandescent lamp. Yet at the bottom line, the
overall annual cost of a CFL is much lower. Öko-Institut has calculated these costs, which include the cost of
electricity. With a measured service life of 14,000 hours and a daily lighting time of three hours, an 11-watt
CFL costs the consumer 3.10 Euros a year. A comparable 60-watt incandescent light bulb costs 12.40 Euros a
year.
There is no denying that CFLs contain mercury. However, it must be kept in mind that power generation in power
plants also releases mercury emissions. Both incandescent and fluorescent lamps consume electricity, but
conventional incandescent lamps consume five times more than CFLs. As a result, the overall mercury emissions
inventory of conventional incandescent lamps is much worse. The environmental assessment that forms part of the
EcoTopTen rating process takes mercury emissions into account for both CFLs and conventional incandescent
lamps.
The full market survey, tips and further information on CFLs is available in German here. Further useful downloads in German are
available here.
EcoTopTen is a major initiative for sustainable consumption and product innovations in mass markets initiated by
Öko-Institut. At regular intervals, the institute’s scientists recommend a set of high-quality
“EcoTopTen products” – all of which offer good value for money and top environmental
performance. By way of comparison, typical products failing to meet the EcoTopTen criteria are also presented.
This makes it much easier to take purchasing decisions for products that excel in every respect.
The “product recommendations” (Produktempfehlungen) section of the www.ecotopten.de site already contains – in addition to CFLs
– recommended cars, car-sharing schemes, gas-fired condensing boilers and wood-pellet-fired heating
systems, virtual answering machines, washing machines and laundry driers. A further 15 market surveys are to
follow by the end of 2006. The next will focus on organic and fair-trade produce in food retail outlets, and on
refrigerators and freezers.
Both the underlying EcoTopTen research project and the EcoTopTen consumer campaign are being supported by the
German Research Ministry, the German Ministry of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture and the Legacy for the
Future Foundation. The consumer advocacy centre of North-Rhine/Westphalia (Verbraucherzentrale
Nordrhein-Westfalen) is a cooperating partner. The “natur&kosmos” monthly magazine is the media
partner, publishing a regular series of articles on EcoTopTen and the latest market surveys. Like to stay
informed? Subscribe to the German-language EcoTopTen newsletter by sending an e-mail to anmeldung(at)ecotopten.de. kk
Contact:
Öko-Institut e.V., Freiburg Office
Sustainable Products & Material Flows Division
Project coordinator: Kathrin
Graulich
Dr. Dietlinde Quack
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Green Goal – Something New in Popular Sport
The 2006 FIFA World CupTM will be the first great sporting event with a neutral effect on the
climate
The 2006 FIFA World CupTM will be the first sporting event of a new generation: Green GoalTM, the
environmental concept for the 2006 FIFA World CupTM, which has been developed by Öko-Institut for the
Organizing Committee, provides for a neutral climate balance. Unavoidable greenhouse gas emissions arising during
the World Cup in Germany will be compensated by reductions in CO2 emissions in other areas. According
to Project Manager Dr. Hartmut Stahl, member of the Öko-Institut scientific staff, “Green GoalTM represents
the sustainable legacy of the 2006 FIFA World Cup”. And other projects are planned. “In 2006, Germany
should not only become football world champion but also environmental champion,” says Christian Hochfeld,
Deputy Director of Öko-Institut in Berlin.
The “Family Clean Energy Packages” project, which is intended to bring environmental and social
relief to families in Tamil Nadu, an area in India stricken by the tsunami, deserves particular attention. The
combination of ecological and social aspects convinced not only the German Football Association DFB, which
supports the project with 500,000 euros, but also Klaus Topfer, Executive Director of the United Nations
Environmental Programme UNEP, who agreed to become Ambassador for Green Goal.
Fewer emissions in India
Within the framework of Green Goal the “Family Clean Energy Packages” project was jointly initiated
by Öko-Institut, BASE (Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy) and Women for Sustainable Development (WSD), an
organization in India. It comprises improved and environmentally compatible energy supply, global climate
protection and an improvement in the quality of life.
Around 75 per cent of the Indian population live in rural areas, often in very poor conditions, where the supply
of energy for cooking presents a considerable problem. Cooking is often carried out on indoor open fires, mostly
with kerosene or non-sustainable firewood. This form of cooking is harmful to both health and the environment and
can result in respiratory or pulmonary diseases.
The tsunami aggravated the situation in the areas affected. Due to silted and salinized soils, firewood is scarce
and its collection takes up a great amount of time, and drinking water has first to be boiled.
Biogas – the ecological, social and economic alternative
As a result of the DFB’s commitment, families are now provided with biogas plants that enable sustainable
energy supply: Cow dung is fermented into biogas, which is fed by pipe to the hot plate. Environmentally friendly
biogas replaces kerosene and wood, CO2 emissions are reduced and wood stock preserved. The local
economy is strengthened, since the plants are built by local firms. Huts are repaired and cows provided. With the
sale of cow’s milk families can earn a little extra money, their own milk needs are satisfied and biogas
supplies ensured.
Green Goal criteria are fulfilled
The Green Goal objective of a neutral effect on the climate is supported by the project in Tamil Nadu in India:
Around one-third of total greenhouse gas emissions, amounting to about 100,000 tonnes, which will arise during
the World Cup, will be compensated. Through savings in kerosene and non-sustainable wood supplies, as well as
positive social effects, the project thus satisfies the demands of both the Kyoto Protocol and the Gold
Standards, the demanding quality standard of worldwide environmental organizations for projects for
CO2 reduction projects. bw
Contact:
Dr. Hartmut Stahl
Öko-Institut e.V., Darmstadt Office
Infrastructure & Business Enterprises Division
Christian Hochfeld
Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin Office
Infrastructure & Business Enterprises Division
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What are the impacts of Corporate Social Responsibility?
Öko-Institut invited leading experts to workshop in Brussels
While Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been gaining importance throughout the past years, it is yet
unclear to what extent responsible corporate behaviour actually contributes to sustainable development, and in
particular to sustainability goals set by the European Union. But how can CSR impacts be assessed on the one
hand, and explained on the other? These questions are at the core of the three year EU project „Rhetoric
and Realities – Analysing Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe” (RARE), a cooperative research
initiative lead by the Öko-Institut. Thirteen experts on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) met at a Brussels
Workshop to discuss scientific and practical challenges in analysing CSR impacts and success factors.
The workshop was part of the RARE project’s methodical set-up: By integrating forerunner expertise of the
different stakeholders – representatives of the European Commission, NGOs, CSR consultants and SRI analysts
from all over Europe – it should add to the project’s scientific and practical value. In order to
assess the impacts of CSR, the RARE project will analyse European companies in the oil, banking and fisheries
sector with respect to their CSR performance, particularly in the fields of environment, resource management,
gender equality and countering of bribery.
In Brussels, the RARE team presented to CSR researchers and practitioners the overall design of the RARE project
and its methodology. Above all, a CSR Impact Assessment tool and a model of CSR success factors were discussed
which have been developed since the project’s start in June 2004. The Impact Assessment tool gives guidance
on how to tackle the question of what are the actual impacts of CSR activities carried out by corporations across
Europe. It provides two complementary approaches for evaluating CSR impact: the assessment of ‘relative
improvement’ vs. that of ‘goal attainment’. The instrument helps to establish causal relations
between CSR activities and sustainability impacts. The CSR success factor model addresses the adjacent question
on how to account for CSR impacts. Based on an organizational analytic approach, the model specifies
company-internal and external success factors on the actor and institutional level which promote CSR impacts.
Both the Impact Assessment tool and the success factor model constitute the basis of the RARE project’s
empirical analyses, to be started now in autumn 2005.
The experts agreed that the project was extremely exciting, tackling questions that so far have not been
systematically addressed. The RARE design fits well into the recommendations of the EU Multi-stakeholder Forum
that “more qualitative and comparative research on CSR shall be undertaken, particularly that which is
multi-disciplinary, considers many different stakeholders and activities, and is based on real case
studies“, and that research should address “the impact at the macro level of CSR on competitiveness
and sustainable development”.
On the expert workshop, it was regarded as a key challenge to prove causal relationships between CSR activities
and improved sustainability performance. Furthermore, practitioners stressed the importance of company-external
factors for CSR success. Regarding the project’s aim to measure the contribution of CSR activities to the
attainment of public sustainability goals, several participants pointed out that companies would not as a
priority align their CSR activities with public objectives. However, as was pointed out by project co-ordinator
Regine Barth from the Öko-Institut: “It is one of the remarkable features of the RARE project that it looks
at CSR from the public policy perspective. We are interested in testing the governance capacity of CSR against
that of public policy instruments.” This public policy perspective can, at the same time, contribute to
ensure an enabling environment for CSR, as was highlighted by Dominque Bé, representative of the European
Commission, who presented it as one of the major objectives of the forthcoming Action Plan on CSR. In a background paper which is now available at the project website, the RARE researchers present
conceptual considerations on integrating a business, societal and public governance perspective on CSR.
The project “Rhetoric and Realities – Analysing Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe”
(RARE) started in June 2004. It is funded within the EU’s Sixth Framework Programme, Sub-programme
‘Citizens and governance in a knowledge-based society’ (CIT2-CT-2004-506043). The research consortium
consists of: Öko-Institut e.V. (coordinator, Germany), Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI, Norway), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI, Sweden), Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM, Italy), Budapest University of Technology and Economics
(BUTE, Hungary), the Institute for Socio-ecological Research (ISOE, Germany) and Peter Wilkinson (United Kingdom), Project Consultant
to Transparency
International for the “Business Principles for Countering Bribery”. fw
Contact:
Öko-Institut e.V. Darmstadt & Berlin Office
Environmental Law Division
Coordinator Regine Barth (Project
coordination RARE)
Franziska Wolff
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Reading tip: Climate Change Policy
How to simplify and support the objectives of the Kyoto Protocol
The book "Climate Change Policy" presents the research results of an interdisciplinary study on climate
change policies by the Enforcing Environmental Policy (EEP) Network, a project supported by the Human Dimension
Potential Programme of the EU. Contributions are from highly qualified economic, legal and political science
specialists based at research institutes across Europe. The book provides answer to several questions related to
the implementation of the international rules on climate change, most notably the Kyoto Protocol. It analyses
ways and means to facilitate and encourage compliance with the objectives of the Kyoto Protocol. It is addressed
to policy-makers, academics, business-sector and stakeholders throughout and outside Europe.
By its interdisciplinary approach, this work is a distinctive and unique product compared to the existing
literature on the subject. The effective implementation of climate protection and clean air policy requires an
understanding of the political, legal and economic structures and constraints facing policy makers – and
this is exactly what this book offers.
Table of contents
PART I: International negotiations and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
The dynamics of the climate negotiations: a focus on the developments and outcomes from The Hague to Delhi
– Barbara Buchner (FEEM); Equity principles to enhance the effectiveness of climate policy - An economic
and legal perspective – Barbara Buchner (FEEM) and Janna Lehmann (CERDEAU); A comparative analysis of the
long-range transboundary air pollution, ozone layer protection and climate change regimes – Janna Lehmann
(CERDEAU); Emissions Trading as an economic instrument of climate policy – Jürgen Lefevere (FIELD); The
Clean Development Mechanism and ancillary benefits – Barbara Buchner (FEEM), Alejandro Caparrós Gass
(CIRED) and Tariz Tazdait (CIRED); Biodiversity and carbon sequestration in forests: economic and legal issues -
Alejandro Caparrós Gass (CIRED) and Frédéric Jacquemont (FSUR); Legal reflections on the proposal to mitigate
climate change by ocean sequestration - Susan Nicole Krohn (Ministry of Environment, Germany).
PART II: EU and climate change policies.
External legal competence of the EC in the field of international environmental convention - Frédéric Jacquemont
(FSUR); Climate policy and environmental state aid: assessment of the EU Environmental state aid guidelines
vis-ŕ-vis the new economic instruments for climate policy - Mercedes Fernández Armenteros (Öko-Institut); The EU
Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading Scheme: a background - Jürgen Lefevere (FIELD); Inhomogeneous
allocation and distortions of competition in the case of emissions trading in the EU - Dietrich Brockhagen
(Germanwatch e. V., Berlin); Compliance with the EU Bubble - Frédéric Jacquemont (FSUR); Emissions Trading and
Joint Implementation among the EU Acceding Countries - Mercedes Fernández Armenteros (Öko-Institut) and Leonardo
Massai (FSUR).
Michael Bothe & Eckhard Rehbinder 2005: Climate Change Policy, Eleven International Publishing, PO Box 358, 3500 AJ Utrecht,
The Netherlands; 450 pages, 75 Euro; ISBN 90-77596-05-4
Contact:
Regine Barth
Öko-Institut e.V., Darmstadt Office
Coordinator of Environmental Law Division
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Epigenetics, Transgenic Plants & Risk Assessment
Öko-Institut invites to a conference on December 1st 2005 in Frankfurt
Numerous phenomena observed in transgenic plants pose a challenge. Why do transgenic plants often silence the
foreign gene? Are experiences of environmental influences hereditary, is Lamarck thus right after all? How does
it happen that DNA sequences in the transgenic soybean are detected at the “wrong” place? Why is a
transgenic sunflower not only resistant to insects, but also produces – without this being intended –
more seeds than a conventional sunflower? And what implication does this have on the risk assessment of
transgenic organisms? To discuss these exciting questions, the Öko-Institut invites to the conference
“Epigenetics, Transgenic Plants & Risk Assessment” on December 1st 2005 in Frankfurt am Main,
Germany.
The conference is part of a project aimed at discussing what kind of conclusions should be drawn from the growing
evidence of epigenetic regulation in plants. Especially we want to elaborate on the implications of epigenetic
effects, genome scrambling and other unintended effects of the genetic engineering in plants and the risk
assessments of plant genetic engineering. The conference is organized in cooperation with Greenpeace.
The program of the conference is available here.
For more information on the topic, consult also our Newsletter
01/05.
The conference starts at 9:30 am and ends at 5:30 pm. The conference location is the Literaturhaus Frankfurt
e.V., Schöne Aussicht 2, D-60311 Frankfurt. The conference fee is 25 Euro, to be paid at registration (free for
journalists). The conference language is English. Please register in advance.
Contact:
Katja Moch
Öko-Institut e.V., Freiburg Head Office
Biodiversity, Nutrition & Agriculture Division
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Governance for Sustainable Development
Steering in Contexts of Ambivalence, Uncertainty and Distributed Control / Workshop and Call for Papers
The issue of sustainable development represents a problem of transformation. It requires an active shaping of
long-term dynamics in social and technical structures. It thus stirs up debate about political steering and
governance. The attempt to plan and regulate macro dynamics of societal development does not, however, have a
good historical record. Neither science nor political practice offer adequate concepts to deal with this task.
Established heuristics for improving steering capacity come to their limits when applied to sustainable
development. They usually expound the need for clear, stable and unequivocal goals that guide the steering
efforts, knowledge to predict dynamics and the effects of alternative options of intervention, and the necessary
power to implement political strategies.
Science and practice of sustainable development, however, is confronted with fundamental problems in all three
dimensions of steering.
(a) Sustainability, which concerns the balancing of potentially conflicting risk perceptions, values and
interests, cannot be defined as an unequivocal and undisputed set of targets. With knowledge development and
ongoing cultural and ecological transformation, sustainability goals are subject to change and controversy.
Steering for sustainable development has to cope, therefore, with conflict and ambivalence.
(b) Knowledge of ecological cause-and-effect relations and the coupled dynamics of society, technology and nature
is limited and bears fundamental uncertainties. The predictability of long-term developments and possible
side-effects of intervention strategies is very limited. For this reason, steering for sustainable development
has to cope with uncertainty and unintended consequences.
(c) The power to shape structural change in society and technology is distributed across a multitude of actors
and societal subsystems. While all have particular resources to contribute, they also follow different
rationalities and interests. On account of this, steering for sustainable development has to cope with a lack of
central control and to face the necessity of coordinating strategies of different actor groups and social
networks.
The Öko-Institut e.V. invites researchers dealing with these questions from the perspective of different
disciplines and problem areas to submit abstracts for papers. Of special interest are papers that
On the basis of the submitted abstracts, a maximum number of 12 papers will be selected for invitation to the
workshop “Governance for Sustainable Development Steering in Contexts of Ambivalence, Uncertainty and
Distributed Control” on 5th to 7th February 2006 in Berlin. Authors will then be asked to submit full draft
versions of their papers until 15th January 2006 in order to allow for distribution and review by other authors.
It is intended to publish a selection of papers in a special edition of a refereed international journal. Please
note that we have a (limited) budget for travel expenses. Invited authors may apply for a refund of their travel
expenses. Abstracts of no more than 500 words should be sent to all organisers until 30th October.
Jan-Peter Voß
Jens Newig (jens.newig(at)usf.uni-osnabrueck.de)
Jochen Monstadt (jochen.monstadt(at)eawag.ch)
Submission of abstract: 30th October 2005
Notification of acceptance: 10th November 2005
Submission of draft paper: 15th January 2006
Location:
Palisa.de (former Umspannwerk Ost)
Palisadenstraße 48
10 243 Berlin
Organizer:
Federal Ministry of Education and Research
Social-Ecology Research Programme
Contact & Registration:
Jan-Peter Voß
Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin Office
Infrastructure & Enterprises Division
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C O N T A C T
Publisher
Öko-Institut e.V.
Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut)
Editorial office
Department of Public Relations & Communication
Christiane Rathmann
Katja Kukatz
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