• Scientific advice on the revision of the EU ETS Directive
  The EU Emissions trading scheme is under review to help meet much stricter emissions targets as agreed upon by EU leaders in March 2007. Within their proposal for a European Energy and Climate Change Package, on 23 January 2008 the Commission put out an ETS reform proposal for the post-2012 period. The goal is to adopt a revised ET Directive by the end of 2009. This project provides scientific advice, research and analysis to the German Federal Environmental Protection Agency and the Germany Ministry of the Environment related to various aspects under discussion, i.e. among others competitiveness and leakage aspects, extension of the scope of the system, linking with other systems, implementation of auctioning of emissions allowances, benchmarking, and institutional issues.
  Graichen, V.; Schumacher, K.; Matthes, F.; et al. (2008)
  more information     PDF file download (4274 kByte)
   
  
  
• Windfall profits of German electricity producers in the second phase of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (2008-2012)
  Briefing Paper for World Wide Fund for Nature Germany (WWF Germany)
  
  The analysis covers the five largest German electricity production companies: E.ON, RWE, Vattenfall Europe, Energie Baden-Württemberg (EnBW) and Evonik Steag as well as the electricity production of these companies in Germany. The windfall profits of these companies on other European sub-markets are therefore not taken into account in the following analysis. The goal of the analysis is, amongst other things, to determine the share of the total windfall profits that stems from the free allocation of emission allowances, the continuation of which for the time period after 2012 is currently being vehemently called for by German electricity producers (amongst others). In this way, the question of the scale of the profit orientation that lies behind the demand for free allocation of CO₂ allowances can also be pursued.
  Matthes, F. (2008)
  more information     PDF file download (137 kByte)
   
  
  
• The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility
  Global Governance
  
  ‘The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility’, edited by Wayne Visser and others, is a reference on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) published by Wiley. The entries have been written by leading experts, global thinkers and CSR practitioners. The book aims to help managers, consultants and researchers navigate their way through the plenty of terms, codes and organisations associated with CSR. Franziska Wolff from the Öko-Institut has written the entry on ‘Global Governance’. Locating it in the wider discourse on ‘governance’, she discusses global governance as a normative concept according to which the system of international institutions should be more tightly knit and better coordinated in order to re-embed politics in objectives such as international solidarity and ecological responsibility.
  Wolff, F. (2008)
  more information     PDF file download (306 kByte)
   
  
  
• The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility
  Ethics Officer
  
  ‘The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility’, edited by Wayne Visser and others, is a reference on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) published by Wiley. The entries have been written by leading experts, global thinkers and CSR practitioners. The book aims to help managers, consultants and researchers navigate their way through the plenty of terms, codes and organisations associated with CSR. Katharina Schmitt from Öko-Institut wrote the entry on ‘Ethics Officer’. She outlines the role and responsibilities that the ethics officer has within an organisation and describes the particular CSR issues that the officer has to deal with.
  Schmitt, K. (2008)
  more information     PDF file download (306 kByte)
   
  
  
• Analysis of European greenhouse gas inventories in the aviation sector
  ETC/ACC Technical Paper 2007/6
  
  Greenhouse gas emissions from aviation are part of the reporting obligations of Parties to the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Only emissions from domestic aviation are part of the national emission reduction obligations and have to be reported separately from emissions caused by international aviation. While data on total fuel consumption by aviation is normally available the split between domestic and international aviation requires information which is not always available. This paper compares estimates for greenhouse gas emissions from aviation as reported by EEA Member States with estimates calculated by the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol). Eurocontrol calculations are based on flight movement data only and provide an estimate for fuel burn and GHG emissions which is independent of the estimates produces by the Member States. This analysis is part of the quality assurance and quality control programme for the greenhouse gas inventory of the European Community and might help countries and the EC in improving their estimates.
  Graichen, J. (2008)
  more information     PDF file download (619 kByte)
   
  
  
• The EU Emissions Trading Scheme in numbers
  ETC/ACC Technical Paper 2007/2
  
  The EU Emissions Trading Scheme is one of the main and most prominent measures of the EU for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reaching its Kyoto target. One of the main sources for information on the scheme is the community independent transaction log (CITL). This report provides an overview on the information contained in the CITL for the first two years of the trading scheme as well as an assessment of the Commission Decisions for the second trading period from 2008-12.
  Graichen, J.; Graichen, V. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (451 kByte)
   
  
  
• Greenhouse gas emissions trends and projections in Europe 2007
  Tracking progress towards Kyoto targets
  
  The latest projections from pre-2004 EU Member States (EU-15) show that the EU-15 can meet, and may even overachieve, its 2008–2012 Kyoto target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 8 % below 1990 levels if Member States implement now all additional policies being planned. Based on Member States projections, existing domestic policies and measures will reduce EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions by a net effect of 4.0 % below base-year levels. When additional domestic policies and measures (i.e. those planned but not yet implemented) are taken into account, the EU-15 could reduce emissions by an additional 3.9 %. The projected use of Kyoto mechanisms by ten of the EU-15 Member States will reduce emissions by a further 2.5 %. These governments have set aside EUR 2.9 billion to pay for this. The use of carbon sinks, such as planting forests to remove CO2, will reduce emissions by an additional 0.9 %. As a result, the EU-15 could achieve an 11.4 % reduction. All new Member States with a target expect to meet their target. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme will bring significant emission reductions between 2008 and 2012. It is expected to contribute a reduction of at least 3.4 %, part of which is already reflected in some Member States projections. This would represent a further reduction of at least 1.3 % to the total of 11.4 % from base-year emissions in the EU-15.
  Graichen, J.; et al. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (26 kByte)
   
  
  
• CSR between Rhetoric and Reality
  published in: Ökologisches Wirtschaften 4/2007, p. 30-34
  Barth, R.; Wolff, F.; Schmitt, K. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (205 kByte)
   
  
  
• Options for a 2020 EU Burden Sharing Agreement
  Working Paper for the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety
  
  Within the European Union the Member States face the problem of finding target sharing agreements for different binding and quantified commitments for the total emission reduction commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), for the caps within the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) and regarding the expansion of energy supply from renewable energy sources. The three targets are interlinked and the process for the target sharing agreement follows not in all dimensions the same timing. The paper outlines the different approaches which could constitute the basis for the upcoming debates. The analysis presented in this paper is geared to identifying starting points, general principles and key findings for the debate.
  Matthes, F.; Graichen, J. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (748 kByte)
   
  
  
• Is the CDM fulfilling its environmental and sustainable development objectives? An evaluation of the CDM and options for improvement
  Report prepared for WWF
  
  Oeko-Institut has launched a report on the CDM. The report assesses the contribution of the CDM to meeting its environmental and sustainable development objectives and provides recommendations for improving the mechanism. The report’s findings are based on a systematic evaluation of 93 randomly chosen registered CDM projects as well as interviews and a literature survey. The report discusses selected areas which are deemed particularly important for achieving its environmental and sustainable development objectives, including:
  • the role and performance of designated operational entities (DOEs),
  • the demonstration of additionality,
  • the contribution of CDM projects to sustainable development,
  • the role of HFC-23 and N2O destruction projects,
  • the participation of stakeholders in the process,
  • the environmental integrity of “policy CDM” and “sectoral CDM”, and options for limiting the use of CDM and JI by Annex I countries and in emissions trading schemes.
  
  Schneider, L. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (289 kByte)
   
  
  
• Green Champions in Sport and Environment
  „Green Champions in Sport and Environment“ is published by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and the German Olympic Sports Confederation. The many examples of good practices that it contains therefore relate to action taken in Germany.
  Stahl, H.; Hochfeld, C.; Schmied, M.; et al. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (5863 kByte)
   
  
  
• Rhetoric and Reality: Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe
  Research on the Impact of CSR on Sustainability
  
  This brochure presents core findings and highlights of the research project "Rhetoric and Reality: Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe" (RARE). The project was funded by the EU`s 6 th Framework Programme. Its overarching goal was to evaluate and explain impacts of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on sustainability.
  Barth, R.; Wolff, F. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (828 kByte)
   
  
  
• Implementation of Environmental Data Centres
  This report contains the results of the pre-study on the “Implementation of Environmental Data Centres” carried out on behalf of Eurostat between December 2006 and August 2007.
  Zangl, S.; Lohse, J.; Stahl, H.; Schüler, D.; Gensch, C. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (972 kByte)
   
  
  
• The contribution of local experiments and negotiation processes to field-level learning in emerging (niche) technologies
  Meta-analysis of 27 new energy projects in Europe
  
  Paper submitted for the special issue of the Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society on Renewable Energy & Sustainability (version of July 25, 2007)
  Brohmann, B.; et al. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (109 kByte)
   
  
  
• Costs and Benefits of Green Public Procurement in Europe
  Due to the market power of the purchasing activities of public authorities, green public procurement (GPP) can make an important contribution to reducing environmental impacts and to changing unsustainable production and consumption patterns. Beside the direct positive effects on the environmental impacts, GPP can also stimulate innovation of environmental technologies and serve as an example for private procurement.
  Rüdenauer, I.; Dross, M.; Eberle, U.; Gensch, C.; Graulich, K.; Hünecke, K.; Koch, Y.; Möller, M.; Quack, D.; Seebach, D.; Zimmer, W.; et al. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (4215 kByte)
   
  
  
• Competitiveness, innovation and sustainability – clarifying the concepts and their interrelations
  This paper aims at providing introductory information for all those who are interested in the topic but have not yet been confronted to a greater extent with the scientific background to it.
  Wolff, F.; Schmitt, K.; Hochfeld, C. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (139 kByte)
   
  
  
• Towards a new methodology for creating societal acceptance of new energy project
  Paper for the International Energy Workshop, June 25-27, 2007, Stanford (CA)
  
  This paper proposes a methodology for creating societal acceptance of new energy projects based on an analysis of 22 energy projects in Europe. The framework to compile and analyze the cases is based on socio-technical transitions theory and recent sociological research on public participation in science and technology. In particular we analyze (1) the initial vision articulated by the initiator; (2) the project’s stakeholders and their expectations; (3) the way expectations are negotiated; (4) the way visions are translated into action; and (5) success of the project in terms of societal acceptance, i.e. the way in which the negotiations resulted in degrees of alignment among the stakeholder expectations and project initiator’s vision. We conclude with a proposal for a new six-step methodology for improving societal acceptance of new energy projects. This methodology is currently explored, used and reflected upon in five projects in Europe: a German biomass project, an Italian thermodynamic solar project, an Icelandic hydrogen project, a Dutch CCS project and a Hungarian wind project (www.createacceptance.net).
  Brohmann, B.; et al. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (161 kByte)
   
  
  
• Key Social Impacts of Electronics Production and WEEE-Recycling in China
  Undeniably, the electronics industry is highly relevant for the Chinese economy and seems to continue being important in the future. Nevertheless there are an ongoing discussions on the social and environmental sustainability of this sector in China and worldwide. These discussions mainly address labour issues, health and safety and environmental pollution in production, product use and end-of life treatment. This study shall contribute to objectify the discussion on social sustainability of the Chinese electronics industry by systematically analysing positive and negative social impacts during electronics production and end-of-life treatment in China. Thereby the study shall provide a basis to identify intervention strategies for increasing the overall social performance of electronic products.
  Manhart, A. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (145 kByte)
   
  
  
• Resources Fever
  A cool head for sustainable solutions
  
  Global demand for natural resources is increasing. Not only industrialized countries, but also newly industrializing countries such as Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa increase the pressure on energy sources, metal ores, water and foodstuffs. Record prices on commodity markets and intensified competition for access to raw materials are the result; the fear of dependence and scarcity is growing: The world is in resources fever.
  Buchert, M.; Brohmann, B.; Brühl, W.; Hermann, A.; Manhart, A.; Schmidt, G.; Untersteller, F. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (2005 kByte)
   
  
  
• Application of the Emissions Trading Directive by EU Member States
  Reporting year 2006
  
  According to Article 21 of the Emissions Trading Directive Member States shall report annually on the application of the directive. The reporting obligation will allow the European Commission to continuously follow the implementation of the directive and provide information for the European Commission`s review report under Article 30 of the directive. This is particularly important for the first set of reports.
  Graichen, J.; et al. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (27 kByte)
   
  
  
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – Recycling of CFC – and HC – containing refrigerator equipment (Summary)
  This life cycle assessment (LCA) was commissioned by the RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment. Its objective is to make an ecological comparison of the different disposal channels for waste domestic refrigeration appliances containing CFCs and hydrocarbons that could arise from potential changes to the WEEE Directive. The study was carried out in accordance with ISO 14040 and 14044. It also includes a critical review by Mr Giegrich of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung) in Heidelberg. Assistance was also provided by Dr Keri of the Austrian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft), Mr Schmit of the Luxembourg State Environmental Agency (Umweltamt) and Mr Hornberger and Ms Janusz-Renault of the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation (Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionstechnik und Automatisierung).
  Dehoust, G.; Schüler, D.; Rüdenauer, I. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (202 kByte)
   
  
  
• Power Generation Market Concentration in Europe 1996-2005. An Empirical Analysis
  The liberalisation of the European power market has significantly changed the frame-work of the electricity industry. The process of market opening and securing fair, trans-parent and sustainable third party access is still underway. However, (incomplete) liber-alisation can be thwarted by concentration trends in the electricity generation market. This study analyses the market concentration trends in six regional markets in Europe from 1996 to 2005 based on different methodological approaches.
  Matthes, F.; Grashof, K.; Gores, S. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (166 kByte)
   
  
  
• OBRA - European observatory for long-term governance on radioactive waste management
  Continuing societal concerns limit the application of deep geological disposal in many countries. Wider societal involvement at a variety of governance levels in an open, inclusive and transparent manner is a top-level concern in all European and national organisations involved in radioactive waste management. Nevertheless, current approaches to governance of spent nuclear fuel reveal weaknesses. Local and regional communities lack access to an authoritative yet independent platform of experts to address their concerns and information needs in a systematic way and which could provide them with the sufficient knowledge base as to be able to take sound decisions concerning the long-term.
  Kallenbach-Herbert, B.; Brohmann, B. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (339 kByte)
   
  
  
• Regulating Innovation & Innovating Regulation
  The present study analyses network innovation and integration of DG from a regulatory point of view. This is done in three steps:
  • Innovating Regulation: How can distributed generation be taken into account in (incentive) regulation mechanisms?
  • Regulating Innovation: How can regulation help network companies to spend on R&D and try out new approaches to network design and operation?
  • Innovating Regulation and Transformation: How can network regulation be oriented towards supporting long-term structural change in the network?
  
  Bauknecht, D.; Leprich, U.; Späth, P.; Skytte, K.; Esnault, B. (2007)
  more information     PDF file download (359 kByte)
   
  
  
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Aviation
  ETC/ACC Technical Paper 2006/3
  
  Greenhouse gas emissions from aviation have been rising steadily in the past due to increased demand for air traffic despite efficiency increases through technological improvements and operative measures. At the same time emissions from international aviation are not covered by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change or its Kyoto Protocol. The Commission of the European Communities has proposed a Directive which would include aviation in an emissions trading scheme due to the lack of progress on the international level.
  Graichen, J.; Gugele, B. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (421 kByte)
   
  
  
• Long-term prospects of CDM and JI
  Research Report 204 41 192, UBA-FB 001029
  
  This study analyses whether Germany should use the flexible mechanisms under the Kyoto protocol or whether it should continue to achieve its greenhouse gas reduction targets by dint of domestic policies and measures. It estimates the future potential of the project-based Kyoto mechanisms (CDM and JI) and the impacts of its use on the German and the global economy, using an integrated-assessment model. In a Delphi survey, the expectations of international experts on the future prospects of the project-based Kyoto mechanisms are assessed. The study finishes with an analysis of options for promoting the use of the flexible mechanisms in Germany and concludes that the Federal Government of Germany should establish a project-based mechanisms fund of 25 to 50 million Kyoto units to cover the compliance uncertainties due to unexpected temperature or business cycle variations. The Study can be downloaded here>> free of charge.
  Cames, M.; Anger, N.; Böhringer, C.; Harthan, R.; Schneider, L. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (27 kByte)
   
  
  
• Green Goal ^TM - Legacy Report
  In June and July 2006 the world experienced a breathtaking football festival, and for the first time in the history of the World Cup the environment was on the programme. With Green Goal™, an innovative and ambitious environmental programme was successfully carried out at the 2006 FIFA World Cup™ in Germany, which pursued new paths for large sporting events. The Green Goal vision was both simple and demanding: adverse effects on the environment, which would inevitably be associated with the organization of the World Cup in Germany, should be reduced to the greatest extent possible. The Executive Board of the Organizing Committee (OC), with its President Franz Beckenbauer, regarded Green Goal from the very beginning as an integral part of the planning and organization of the tournament and a contribution towards the “sustainable legacy” of the World Cup.
  Stahl, H.; Hochfeld, C.; Schmied, M. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (4950 kByte)
   
  
  
• Sustainability Standards for Bioenergy
  This report begins in Section 1 with an introduction to key bioenergy issues, summarizing “drivers”, global potential, the key issues of sustainable biomass and standards. Section 2 gives a brief description of key potential problems and conflict areas arising from increased bioenergy supply, and derives core sustainability standards for each problem area. The standards were determined on the basis of a broad review of existing labeling and certification schemes for bio-based products and previous work carried out by the authors. A distinction is made between the use of biogenic residues/wastes and the dedicated cultivation of bioenergy crops. Our study focuses on the latter. Section 3 discusses the legal background to implementing sustainability standards with special focus on international rules, EU legal settings and certain German laws. Legal instruments are also briefly described.
  Fritsche, U. R.; Hünecke, K.; Hermann LL.M., A.; Schulze, F.; Wiegmann, K. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (1520 kByte)
   
  
  
• The Vision Scenario for the European Union
  Matthes, F.; Gores, S.; Graichen, V.; Repenning, J.; Zimmer, W. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (552 kByte)
   
  
  
• Capacity Development for the Clean Development Mechanism
  Lessons Learned in Ghana, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Tunisia
  
  German Technical Cooperation has supported both the establishment and day-to-day business of Designated National Authorities (DNAs) for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in Ghana, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Tunisia. Joint capacity development activities together with our in-country partners reached out to the public as well as the private sector. This report provides an overview of the process of establishing DNAs and promotion of the CDM in these five countries and summarises practical experiences and lessons learned from the capacity building activities.
  Schneider, L.; Grashof, K. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (1364 kByte)
   
  
  
• Adaptation to scientific and technical progress under the RoHS Directive
  Final Report + Annexes
  
  The EU Directive on the restriction of use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (the so-called RoHS - Restriction of Hazardous Substances – Directive) has come into force on 1 July 2006. It regulates the restriction and prohibition of the substances lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium as well as of certain brominated flame retardants (PBB and PBDE). Industry has the possibility to request an exemption from the provisions of the Directive from the European Commission. The Commission has given the Öko-Institute the mandate to evaluate these requests for exemption.
  Gensch, C.; Zangl, S.; Möller, M.; Lohse, J. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (2280 kByte)
   
  
  
• Exposure-based waiving: Concrete specifications of the waiving-conditions in the context of the registration procedure according to REACH
  Project Report
  
  In October 2003 a proposal for a Regulation concerning the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals (REACH) was presented, that sets forth which information is to be provided in the framework of the registration procedure for substances. Within the framework of REACH, several provisions are made to avoid conducting specific tests if this is sufficiently justified. The exemption from conducting individual tests is termed „waiving“ in REACH.
  Bunke, D.; Schneider, K.; Jäger, I. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (681 kByte)
   
  
  
• Life Cycle Analysis of hand-drying systems + Supplement
  A comparison of cotton towels and paper towels
  
  The European Textile Service Association (E.T.S.A.) commissioned Öko-Institut to compare two mechanical hand drying systems: the continuous cotton roll system and the paper towel system. Goal of this study was to gain more information on the environmental impacts of these two systems and to compare these systems with the objective to identify the one with the better environmental performance.
  Eberle, U.; Möller, M. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (877 kByte)
   
  
  
• Micro Cogeneration: Towards a decentralized and sustainable German energy system
  Micro cogeneration – the simultaneous production of heat and power in an individual building based on small energy conversion units such as Stirling and reciprocating engines or fuel cells – is expected to increase energy efficiency on the level of household energy supply. A large-scale introduction of micro CHP may radically change the electricity system and turn consumers into power producers. At the same time, micro CHP could, if supported by favorable economic and policy conditions, represent a considerable market segment, promoting downstream innovations such as "virtual power plants", altered consumer awareness or new household energy management systems. This potential has to be evaluated with respect to its sustainability in both economic and ecological terms.
  Praetorius, B.; Schneider, L. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (219 kByte)
   
  
  
• Development of the Closed Cycle and Waste Management Policy Towards a Sustainable Substance Flow and Resources Policy - Abstract and summarized version
  Sub-project „Identification of Relevant Substances and Materials for a Substance Flow-Oriented Resource-Conserving Waste Management“
  
  The sub-project "Identification of Relevant Substances and Materials for a Substance Flow-Oriented Resource-Conserving Waste Management" (short title: Sustainable Materials Management – Important Potentials in Germany) represents an intermediate step in the BMU project "Development of the Closed Cycle and Waste Management Policy towards a Sustainable Substance Flow and Resources Policy" (FKZ 90531411). This Öko-Institut and IFEU-Institut sub-project will provide the Federal Environment Ministry with vital information and data relating to future focal points for closed cycle and waste management policy. This policy is dedicated to intensified utilisation of potentials for resource conservation at all levels of the production and consumption of goods.
  Dehoust, G.; Buchert, M.; Ferenz, J.; Hermann, A.; Jenseit, W.; Schulze, F. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (280 kByte)
   
  
  
• Development of the Closed Cycle and Waste Management Policy Towards a Sustainable Substance Flow and Resources Policy - Final Report (English Version)
  Sub-project „Identification of Relevant Substances and Materials for a Substance Flow-Oriented Resource-Conserving Waste Management“
  
  The sub-project "Identification of Relevant Substances and Materials for a Substance Flow-Oriented Resource-Conserving Waste Management" (short title: Sustainable Materials Management – Important Potentials in Germany) represents an intermediate step in the BMU project "Development of the Closed Cycle and Waste Management Policy towards a Sustainable Substance Flow and Resources Policy" (FKZ 90531411). This Öko-Institut and IFEU-Institut sub-project will provide the Federal Environment Ministry with vital information and data relating to future focal points for closed cycle and waste management policy. This policy is dedicated to intensified utilisation of potentials for resource conservation at all levels of the production and consumption of goods.
  Dehoust, G.; Buchert, M.; Ferenz, J.; Hermann, A.; Jenseit, W.; Schulze, F.; et al. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (1821 kByte)
   
  
  
• Further development of public participation in the site-selection and approval process of a final repository in Germany
  Proceedings VALDOR (Values in Decision On Risk)
  
  Public participation plays a vital role in the process of planning and licensing potentially hazardous and/or publicly disputed installations. Major conflicts in the affected region may be avoided if the public or representatives are given the opportunity to participate already at an early stage of developing a project. Especially in contested projects, planning units or developers have sought to reduce the risk to fail at a late stage due to lack of public acceptance. Therefore public participation going beyond legal requirements has played an increasing role in the last years. This development can very clearly be observed also within the field of radioactive waste management , especially final disposal. published in: Proceedings VALDOR (Values in Decision On Risk) 2006; S. 106 - 113; May 14 - 18, 2006 Stockholm, Sweden
  Barth, R.; Kallenbach-Herbert, B.; Arens, G. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (61 kByte)
   
  
  
• Epigenetics, Transgenic Plants & Risk Assessment
  Proceedings of the Conference, December 1st 2005, Literaturhaus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
  
  The proceedings summarize the conference on “Epigenetics, Transgenic Plants & Risk Assessments” organized by the Öko-Institut and Greenpeace on December 1st 2005. Seven speakers highlighted from different perspectives the complexity of genome regulation, inherent uncertainties of the genetic engineering of plants and the challenge of facing and coping with knowledge gaps.
  Moch, K. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (1687 kByte)
   
  
  
• OECD Matrix Project
  Branch- and product-related emission estimation tool for manufacturers, importers, and downstream users within the REACH-system
  
  The aim of the project is to support the use of already-existing emission estimation data for the exposure assessment which is required under REACH. The overall objective was to develop a set of technical guidance documents (manual and software tools) for emission estimation and subsequent exposure estimation as outlined in annex 1 of the draft REACH Regulation. Such guidance should be robust and easy to use by manufacturers, importers and downstream users of substances. The conceptual approach have been based on the methodology laid down in EU TGD on Risk Assessment of New and Existing Substances (2003) and the OECD Emission Scenario Documents (ESD). The ESD Matrix described in this project gives an overview on existing emission estimation data for several industrial branches. In addition, stand-alone emission estimation tools have developed for two branches (see also www.emissiontool.com). They refer to plastic additives and photochemicals. They have a modular structure and can be easily adopted to supply chains in other branches. The results have been worked out in intense exchange with RIVM, which has developed a guidance how to find the appropriate emission scenarios (see RIVM report Nr. 6012000006).
  Bunke, D.; Ahrens, A.; Reihlen, A.; Schenck, H.; Oenicke, M. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (3321 kByte)
   
  
  
• Comparison of Greenhouse-Gas Emissions and Abatement Cost of Nuclear and Alternative Energy Options from a Life-Cycle Perspective
  updated version
  
  An earlier version of t his paper was presented at the CNIC Conference on Nuclear Energy and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions, Tokyo, November 1997. In this paper, we address both, presenting results of life-cycle cost and emission analyses of energy systems with respect to current technologies. We discuss the results with respect to other findings in the literature, and also indicate the cost-effectiveness of CO2 abatement in the electricity sector.
  Fritsche, U. R. (2006)
  more information     PDF file download (197 kByte)
   
  
  
• Eco-Efficiency Analysis of Washing machines
  Life Cycle Assessment and determination of optimal life span/Refinement of Task 4: Further use versus substitution of washing machines in stock
  
  Based on the methodology of life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) in these studies both the optimal life-span of new washing machines (as input for product development strategies) as well as the question of further use versus early replacement of washing machines in stock was analysed.
  Rüdenauer, I.; Gensch, C.; Quack, D. (2005)
  more information     PDF file download (598 kByte)
   
  
  
• Power Generation Market Concentration in Europe 1996-2004.
  An Empirical Analysis.
  
  The liberalisation of the European power market has significantly changed the framework of the electricity industry. The process of market opening and securing fair, transparent and sustainable third party access is still under way. But (incomplete) liberalisation can be thwarted by concentration trends in the electricity generation market. This study analyses the market concentration trends in six regional markets in Europe from 1996 to 2004 based on different methodological approaches.
  Matthes, F.; Poetzsch, S.; Grashof, K. (2005)
  more information     PDF file download (236 kByte)
   
  
  
• Evaluation of selected aspects of the environmental assessment report for the Langer Heinrich Uranium Mining Project in Namibia
  Due to an inappropriate selection of input data (Radium in ore and tailings) and to a too small breathing rate, the dose calculations in the EA understimates the doses for the public. Together with a higher contribution of Radon to the total dose, a person at Bloedkoppie, a publicly accessable place and a tourist attraction in 1.5 to 2.5 km distance to the mine, can exceed internationally accepted dose limits. The EA does not clearly define the areal extend, where the doses are below the dose limits and where doses exceed the limits. The areal extend, where the dose limits are exceeded, clearly reach beyond the facility’s operational area, probably reaching a distance of some kilometers. The missing definition of a clear boundary is a general short-coming of the EA and should be corrected. Additional contradictions and problems in the EA’s calculation of doses from Radon are discussed and can give rise to an additional underestimation of doses.
  Schmidt, G.; Diehl, P. (2005)
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• Environmental and economic evaluation of the accelerated replacement of domestic appliances
  Case study refrigerators and freezers - Final Report
  
  The goal of this study was to compare the further use of appliances in stock with the acquisition and use of new appliances, considering both environmental and economic aspects. The environmental assessment is based on LCA, the economic analysis considers the life cycle costs, taking into account the total costs of ownership for private households.
  Rüdenauer, I.; Gensch, C. (2005)
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• Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of European Countries with regard to the Impact of Policies & Measures
  The study investigates the climate policies of the European countries and evaluates their contribution to greenhouse gas reductions that have already been achieved as well as those which are projected for the future. It is based on a decomposition analysis which allows the driving forces of greenhouse gas emissions to be identified and compared. This analysis is supported by an in-depth analysis of selected policies (renewable energy supply, combined heat and power and waste). The analysis shows that the climate policies of all EU Member States can be improved at one point or another and that starting points for the further investigation of potential policy improvements can be identified for each EU Member State. The Analysis can be downloaded at www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3029.pdf
  Deuber,O.; Cames, M.; Poetzsch, S.; Repenning, J. (2005)
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• New Elements of the International Regime on Access and Benefit-Sharing of Genetic Resources
  The Role of Certificates of Origin
  
  The study analysis new elements of the existing international regime on access and benefit-sharing od genetic resources in the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) with a focus on certificates of origin/source/legal provenance. It discusses the different concepts, possible frameworks fo a certificate as well as legal implications. A model of a system of certificates for genetic resources is outlined and its impacts on economic and research actors examined. Published in: BFN-Skripten 127; 2005
  Dross, M.; Wolff, F. (2005)
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• Giving wings to emission trading
  Inclusion of aviation under the European emission trading system (ETS): design and impacts
  
  
  • The operation and navigation of civil aircraft on domestic flights fall outsidethe scope of the Convention.
  • The Chicago Convention does not address the issue of emission trading. But,according to its Preamble, the Chicago Convention relates also to establishing international air transport services on the basis of equality of opportunity and sound and economical operation. As emissions trading might in principle have implications in this respect, it is relevant to assess whether the Convention contains any requirements or obstacles with regard to the coverage of international flights by an EU emissions trading scheme.
  • As outlined in section B, the EU emissions trading scheme can be considered to constitute laws and regulations relating to the admission to and/or departure of aircraft from its territory pursuant to Article 11 of the Convention. Therefore, the requirement in Article 11 of the Convention not to discriminate as to nationality of aircraft needs to be respected. Any EU emissions trading system must thus treat all aircraft engaged in international air navigation without distinction as to nationality.
  • The coverage of international aviation under the EU emissions trading scheme does not find limits under Article 12 “Rules of the air”, Article 15 “Airport and similar charges” or Article 24 “Customs duty” of the Convention.
  The study can be downloaded at ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/pdf/aviation_et_study.pdf
  Wit, R.; Boon, B.; van Velzen, A.; Cames, M.; Deuber,O.; Lee, D. (2005)
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• Criteria for Assessing Environmental, Economic, and Social Aspects of Biofuels in Developing Countries in ecological, social, and economic terms
  This expertise was produced in order to contribute to the ongoing debate on the economic, development, climate and energy policy dimensions of biofuel imports, e.g. from Brazil, and the associated consequences for the environment, industry and local populations. This work was commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The study will be available for Download soon!
  Fritsche, U. R.; Hünecke, K.; Wiegmann, K. (2005)
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• Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy and Peace
  Lecture by Michael Sailer
  
  Lecture by Michael Sailer at the Asian Regional Conference “Renewable Energy and Peace” 19-20 August 2004, Seoul, Korea
  Sailer, M. (2004)
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• Bioenergy
  New Growth For Germany
  
  On account of its high potential for energy production, biomass offers great prospects for climate protection through the reduction of greenhouse gases. At the same time, over 200,000 jobs, particularly in rural areas lacking in infrastructure, could be created.
  Fritsche, U. R.; et al. (2004)
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• Evaluation of the Radioactivity Release Event in December 2003 at Yonggwang Nuclear Power Plant Unit
  As of March 4, 2004, Oeko-Institut was commissioned by the Korean Company KHNP to review an incident in NPP Yonggwang Unit 5.
  Kurth, S.; Schmidt, G. (2004)
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• Economic measures for the reduction of the environmental impact of air transport
  noise-related landing charges (FKZ 201 96 107)
  
  Because of existing growth rates for air traffic and capacity extensions at many international airports, efforts to find effective instruments for the reduction of noise problems increase. Economic instruments gain increasingly in importance. This study examines, with an LTO-charging model differentiated according to aircraft-noise emissions and incentives for air transport companies for the use of less-noisy aircraft. The results of the study are based on a comprehensive status-quo analysis of European LTO-charging models; they demonstrate the need for harmonized development of this kind of instrument as an incentive, in order to be able to obtain transparency and comprehensibility. The study draws attention to a set of guidelines that must be considered in future.
  Hochfeld, C.; Arps, H.; Hermann LL.M., A.; Schmied, M.; Otten, S.; Hopf, R. (2004)
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• Energy demand of tumble driers with respect to differences in technology and ambient conditions
  Final Report
  
  Tumble driers have a high ratio of and increasing impact on total electricity demand of households. In contrast to different other household appliances the market is not saturated yet and therefore growing selling rates can be expected. Mainly two systems of tumble driers are currently available on the market: condenser tumble driers and air vented tumble driers, both powered by electricity. Tumble driers of both systems are mainly classified in the energy efficiency classes C and D. The energy efficiency labelling of tumble driers takes into account the electricity demand of the different driers when used under standard conditions. Nevertheless under real life conditions in private households additional parameters influence the total energy demand of the two drying systems, like type of control (humidity or time control), type of fabric, loading of the drier, remaining water in the clothes after spinning in the washing machine, ambient temperature, energy demand for space heating or air humidity.
  Rüdenauer, I.; Gensch, C. (2004)
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• Emissions trading in international civil aviation
  The contribution of international aviation to the greenhouse effect is increasing continually. The study investigates how the contribution of aviation can be reduced or limited through emissions trading. Not only are different design options (trading regime, basis for assessment, obligated parties etc.) examined, but also the avoidance costs and potentials of different reduction measures (flight route optimization, early retirement of aircraft, improvement of aerodynamics etc.)
  Cames, M.; Deuber,O.; Rath, U. (2004)
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• Access to Justice in Environmental Matters - ENV.A.3/ETU/2002/0030
  Final Report, Country Reports and Case Studies
  
  The main objectives of this study were to identify any general conclusions to be drawn as to the relevance and the consequences of access to justice for environmental NGOs as a general trend in these EU member states and to present appropriate recommendations in relation thereto to the European Commission based on the findings of the study.
  Dross, M.; de Sadeleer, N.; Roller, G. (2003)
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• Innovative approaches to the creation of jobs in environmental protection
  Summary of the research project No 201 14 111 of the UFOPLAN 2001
  
  The situation on the German employment market is still tense. The employment effects of environmental protection are therefore – as in the past – much discussed among researchers and politicians. The study identifies innovative approaches to the creation of jobs in environmental protection, and explains how this potential can be exploited.
  Cames, M.; Matthes, F.; Deuber,O. (2003)
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• Recovery Options for Plastic Parts from End-of-Life Vehicles: an Eco-Efficiency Assessment
  Final Report
  
  The new European End-of-Life-Vehicles (ELV) Directive 2000/53/EC defines specific recovery, reuse and recycling targets for cars. In an eco-efficiency study, the Öko-Institut in Darmstadt/Germany analysed and evaluated the recycling and recovery options) for seven different plastic components from ELVs (weights ranging from 0.27 kg up to 3.14 kg).
  Jenseit, W.; Stahl, H.; Wollny, V.; Wittlinger, R. (2003)
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• Green Goal - Environmental goals for the 2006 FIFA World Cup
  Background paper on the concept phase (as at 31.03.2003)
  
  The hosting of the 2006 FIFA World Cup offers Germany a great opportunity to present itself as hospitable, keen on sports and also conscious of its responsibility towards the natural environment. The Organizing Committee (OC) of the 2006 FIFA World Cup, with its president Franz Beckenbauer and the German Football Association (DFB) have recognized this opportunity and challenge.
  Hochfeld, C.; Stahl, H. (2003)
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• Improving Energy Efficiency in Peruvian Boilers with the CDM
  Feasibility study for a bundled CDM Project
  
  This study, sponsored by GTZ, assesses the feasibility of a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project to improve energy efficiency in industrial boilers in Peru. The idea of such a CDM project came from activities undertaken within the project “Development of the National Capacity for Projects on CDM Activities,” sponsored by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1998. As a first step, in 1999, a pre-feasibility study was conducted.
  Herold, A.; Schneider, L.; Vizcarra, N. (2003)
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• IMPEL Project:
  Implementing Article 10 of the SEA Directive 2001/42/EC
  
  According to Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes (SEA Directive) on the environment Member States are obliged to carry out an environmental assessment of certain plans and programmes, which are likely to have significant environmental effects. Art. 10 of the Directive foresees a Monitoring of significant environmental effects of the implementation of plans and programmes.
  Barth, R.; Fuder, A. (2002)
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• Green genetic engineering and organic Farming
  All over the world organic agriculture is legally bound not to use genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In Europe neither regulation 2092/91 on organic agriculture nor the seed legislation contain provisions which enable to prescribe safety measures to prevent hybridisation between transgenic crops and organically grown plants.A thorough analysis of the new deliberate release directive 18/2001 reveals that this directive opens up the possibility to issue together with a market approval specific conditions of handling and use of a GMO. Crosspollination of an organic culture can be defined as a damage of property. The registration of ge-free zones and prescribed distances between fields are under discussion as safety measures to prevent such property damages.
  Barth, R.; Brauner, R.; Hermann, A.; Hermanowski, R.; Tappeser, B.; et al. (2002)
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• Mobility Styles in Leisure Time: Reducing the environmental impacts of leisure and tourism travel
  Summary
  
  The research project primarily aims to close the gaps in research concerning the empirical description of leisure traffic (journey purposes, mobility characteristics); secondly, it seeks to provide new insights into the social and motivational causes of leisure mobility. Thirdly and finally, it aims to estimate the damaging effects upon the environment that have been calculated here for the first time in a way that is lifestyle-specific. The intention is that the target group-specific results should yield conclusions that lead to a reduction in environmental damage caused by leisure traffic (including short breaks).
  Götz, K.; Loose, W.; Schmied, M.; Schubert, S. (2002)
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• EcoTopTen
  The Initiative
  
  The overall objective of the EcoTopTen project is to develop and market sustainable products and services for the mass market – supported by consumer research and a major image campaign. EcoTopTen products are highquality, affordable and – of course – green. The campaign focusses on around 30 products in ten product fields of particular relevance in terms of environmental impact. The production, use and disposal of these products currently cause around two-thirds of total environmental impacts in Germany.
  v. A. (2002)
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• Power Generation Market Concentration in Europe 1996-2000
  An empirical Analysis
  
  The liberalisation of the European power market has significantly changed the framework of the electricity industry. The process of market opening and securing fair, transparent and sustainable third party access is still under way. But (incomplete) liberalisation can be thwarted by concentration trends in the electricity generation market.
  Matthes, F.; Poetzsch, S. (2002)
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• White Paper for the Reform of Chemicals Policy: From Concept to Implementation
  Requirements, Experiences and Perspectives in Relation to Information Flow
  
  To investigate the "Organisation of information flow in the product chain", the Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V. or VCI (German Chemical Industry Association) together with some of its member associations is carrying out the "Product Chain Chemicals Policy" project. In August 2000, the Öko-Institut e.V. was commissioned by the VCI to direct the working groups established as part of this project and supply content input. Four working groups were set up, each of which examined a specific substance or group of substances by way of example. The member associations of the VCI that participated in the discussions were the Association of the Plastics Processing Industry (VKE), Association of the Printing Ink Industry, Association of the Paint Industry (VdL) and Industrial Association for Organic Colorants and Pigments (IFOP). Manufacturers, traders and downstream users were also represented in the working groups. The names of the participants are given in Appendix 6 at the end of this Report. The activities of the working groups were guided by a project steering committee, which was composed of representatives of companies and the management of the VCI and trade associations (see also Appendix 6). In the steering committee, a supervisor was appointed for each working group.
  Bunke, D.; Ebinger, F. (2002)
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• Final Report for the preparation of an option on the proposed Directive on the Implementation of EU-wide Emission Trading COM(2001) 581
  The Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) and the Öko-Institut - Institute for Applied Ecology on behalf of the Ministry for the Environment and Transport of the German State Baden-Württemberg have reviewed the planned Directive on an EU-wide emissions trading scheme (COM(2001) 581). We have tried to tackle the main topics of discussion between the various interest groups.
  Cames, M.; Stronzik, M. (2002)
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• Environment and Tourism
  A basic scientific report for the German federal government
  
  The goal of this basic report is, proceeding from an analysis of the problem, to devise recommendations for action to make tourism more environmentally sound. More specifically, the aim is to identify the environmental effects of tourism in Germany as well as examples of the environmental impacts caused by German tourists abroad; proceeding from that basis, to propose required actions and to recommend measures and tools for the more environmentally sound development of tourism.
  Schmied, M.; Buchert, M.; Hochfeld, C.; Schmitt, B. (2001)
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• Security of Supply - A challenge for Energy policy in Europe
  On November 29th, 2000, the European Commission adopted the Green Paper, Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply, and called for a broad process of discussion. To structure the debate, the Commission presented a questionnair comprising 13 questions. The Green Paper and the questionnaire both focus on the security of energy supply as their starting point, but can also be regarded as a rough outline for a common European energy policy. In addition to the basic issue of extensive energy policy responsibilities for the European Union, the debate centres on further issues concerning reappraisal of nuclear energy and interaction with the areas of liberalization and climate protection policies.
  Matthes, F. (2001)
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• Analysis of observed adverse effects from the release of genetically modified organisms
  When it comes to identifying signs of (undesirable) environmental effects of transgenic organisms release experiments occupy a central role. This is why the gathering, communication, and discussion of release data relevant for the environment should be of central importance. Gathering of such data is faced with certain difficulties: it is estimated that world-wide ecological data are only collected in less than 1 % of releases of genetically modified organisms.
  Tappeser, B.; Eckelkamp, C.; Weber, B. (2000)
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• Instruments and Options for Environmental Policy during the Accession Processof EU Associated Countries in the Area of Environment and Energy
  With regard to the leading role of the EU in climate protection policies, it is important to consider the impact of the accession process on EU climate policy. This study includes the analysis of the most important issues related to environment and energy within the accession process.
  Cames, M.; Matthes, F.; Bär, S.; Oberthür, S.; Krug, M.; Mez; L.; Tempel, S. (2000)
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• Who owns biological diversity?
  A Brief Description of the Debate over the Rights to Biological Diversity in the North-South Context
  
  In 1992 at the environmental summit in Rio de Janeiro, the Convention on Biological Diversity was finally approved to work against the erosion of genetic diversity within species which accompanies the intensification of breeding and the global success of high-yield varieties, as well as the general loss of species occasioned by industrialization and environmental pollution, all of which have taken on dangerous proportions since the 1950s. This was the first internationally binding agreement obligating all member countries to undertake measures to protect bio-logical diversity. By mid-1999, the Convention had been signed by 175 countries. As such, the Convention has more member countries than the World Trade Organization (134). Partially due to intensive lobbying by the American biotechnology industry, the USA have thus far not become a signatory to the Convention. As early as 1983, an international agreement was reached under the leadership of FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), which specifically addresses the conservation of plant genetic resources. However, the \"International Undertaking for Plant Genetic Resources\" is thus far not yet legally binding. It was decided in 1993 to revise the document. The technology conference, which took place in Leipzig in 1996 and was organized within the scope of the \"Undertaking,\" represented an important step toward integrating these two international agreements. The revisions are due to be completed by the end of 2000, and will lead to a legally binding agreement which will possibly become a part of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
  Tappeser, B.; Baier, A. (2000)
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• A Comparison of Agri-Environmental Schemes in Great Britain and Germany
  Implementation of EU-Regulation No. 2078/92
  
  The theme of the study “A comparison of agri-environmental schemes in Great Britain and Germany – Implementation of Regulation 2078/92” has been developed out of the idea to work out the strategies of agri-environmental schemes in different countries.
  (2000)
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• A New Energy Policy for Sweden: Key elements of a sustainable energy future
  Fritsche, U. R.; Cames, M.; Lücking, G. (1998)
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